Foam is a gas-liquid dispersion, with gas as the internal phase and liquid as the external phase. Low pressure formations are often slow to clean up and costly well swabbing may be needed. Foamed fracturing fluids offer a solution to this problem. Foam has low fluid content, exhibits excellent fluid-loss control and flows back better as a result of the expansion of the gas phase. The base fluid can be water, acid, water-methanol mixtures, diesel, kerosene or crude oil.

Anionic

Amphoam^® - Anionic surfactant that contains an amphoteric foaming agent used to provide stable foams in water and acid at temperatures above 350°F (177°C). Enhances well cleanup because it does not plate out on the formation rock. Usual concentrations range from 5 to 10 gal/1,000 gal (5 to 10 L/m³).

CWF-311 - Blend of different, complex, alcohol ether sulfates that is effective in fresh or hard water, saturated brines, and in the presence of oil up to 350°F (177°C). Highly biodegradable. Concentrations range from 1 to 5 gal/1,000 gal (1 to 5 L/m³) as a surfactant and 5 to 15 gal/1,000 gal (5 to 15 L/m³) as a foamer.

NE-70 - Oil-soluble demulsifying surfactant containing an ammonium salt of a naphthalene sulfonate, with an ethoxylated resin in aromatic solvents. Effectively breaks oilfield emulsions in a wide variety of crude oils. Usual concentration is 0.5 to 5.0 gal/1,000 gal (0.5 to 5.0 L/m³).

TF-A1 - Patented foaming agent for low permeability shales, sandstones and coal beds. Creates stable foams at high pH, 8 to 10, and breaks at low pH, after encountering formation water. Effective for coalbed methane fracture treatments. Not compatible with clay control polymers. Usual concentration is 5 to 10 gal/1,000 gal (5 to 10 L/m³).

Cationic

CAT-Foam^® - Cationic foaming agent that is effective in fresh or hard water, saturated brines, and in the presence of oil contamination up to 300°F (149°C). Usual concentration range is 1 to 10 gal/1,000 gal (1 to 10 L/m³).

NE-50 - Cationic surfactant that functions as a non-emulsifier and foaming agent, as well as a surface tension reducer. Possesses excellent detergent properties to clean fracture and wellbore areas. Concentrations range from 1 to 3 gal/1,000 gal (1 to 3 L/m³) as a surfactant or non-emulsifier and up to 10 gal/1,000 gal (10 L/m³) as a foaming agent.

Nonionic –

NE-21 - Blend of nonionic surfactants and wetting agents specially formulated for enhanced flow back in low permeability formations. Lowers surface and interfacial tensions and leaves formation water-wet. Usual concentration is 1 to 2 gal/1,000 gal (1 to 2 L/m³).

NE-200 - Alcohol ethoxylate based nonionic surfactant for low temperature applications, up to 150°F (66°C), to reduce surface and interfacial tensions and provide foaming properties for nitrogen (N₂) foam fracture treatments. Usual concentration is 0.5 to 5 gal/1,000 gal (0.5 to 5.0 L/m³).

NE-201 - Nonyl phenol resin with additional surfactants that functions as a non-emulsifier and surface and interfacial tension reducer. Leaves the formation water-wet to assist in well clean up after fracturing and acidizing treatments. Usual concentration is 1 to 2 gal/1,000 gal (1 to 2 L/m³).

NE-409 - Blend of nonionic surfactants specially designed for preventing emulsions formed during well fracturing treatments utilizing hydrocarbon based fluids. Compatible with all of Weatherford’s hydrocarbon-based fracturing fluid systems and has no effect on the gelling properties. Usual concentration is 1 to 5 gal/1,000 gal (1 to 5 L/m³).

NFS-102 - Mixture of nonionic surfactants that provides excellent surface tension reduction and assists in treatment flowback, even in hard water conditions, up to 300°F (149°C). Does not affect formation wetting. Usual concentrations are 0.1 to 1.0 gal/1,000 gal (0.1 to 1.0 L/m³).

Hydrocarbon Foamers

HCF-710 - Nonionic mixture of silane surfactants and sulfonic acids that generates stable foams in a variety of hydrocarbons including diesel fuel, kerosene, xylene, condensate, and some crude oils. Compatible with nitrogen (N₂) and carbon dioxide (CO₂). Usual concentration is 5 to 10 gal/1,000 gal (5 to 10 L/m³).

HCF-740 - Nonionic mixture of fluorosurfactants and hydrocarbon solvent that generates stable foams in a variety of hydrocarbons including diesel fuel, kerosene, xylene, condensate, and some crude oils. Compatible with nitrogen (N₂) and carbon dioxide (CO₂). Usual concentration is 5 to 10 gal/1,000 gal (5 to 10 L/m³).


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